International Civil Aviation Organisation Icao Engineering Essay

International Civil Aviation Organisation Icao Engineering Essay The term aviation means the art or science of flying. In the earlier centuries, developments in the field of aviation technology were minimal. In fact, after the 1900s, the developments in aviation technology took a new turn and dimension. As a result of this, each new phase in aviation development was rather short-lived as inventions lined up rapidly and created newer phases. In India, the aviation industry is rapidly growing with the private airlines owning more than 75 percent of the domestic market. Aviation Laws A conference was held at Chicago (Chicago Convention) in 1944 with 54 nations participating in it. The main objective of this conference was to make arrangements for the immediate establishment of provisional world air routes. This convention established the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), a specialised agency of the United Nations charged with coordinating and regulating international air travel. Due to the nature of travel, an aviation law is considered as a matter of international law. In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) rules the applied aspects of the flight. Whereas in the international domain it is the ICAO that provides general rules regarding the aviation law. The basic principles of the international air law are: Territorial sovereignty: Every State has the right to permit or deny entry into its territory. It also has the rights to control all the movements within the territory. National airspace: The territory of a sovereign State is three dimensional. It includes the airspace above its national lands, its internal and territorial waters. Freedom of the seas: It is free to navigate on the surface of the high seas. Nationality of aircraft: Aircraft have the characteristic of nationality. Articles The Chicago Conventions contain many articles that state the various rules and regulations. Some of them are: Article 1: Every state has complete and exclusive sovereignty over airspace above its territory. International Civil Aviation Organisation ICAO ICAO nurtures the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. It adopts standards and practices regarding: Air navigation Infrastructure Flight inspection Prevention of illegal interference Assistance of border-crossing procedures for international civil aviation The main objective of ICAO is to regulate civil aviation matters throughout the world. It includes nationality registration of aircraft, documentation certification, standardisation of procedures, financial, technical and statistical services and lastly the freedoms of the air. The ICAO functions through 18 annexes covering different areas in the International Air transport business. Annex 1 Personnel Licensing This annex provides standards and recommended practices for the licensing of flight crew members such as pilots, flight navigators and flight engineers. It also provides standards for air traffic controllers, aeronautical station operators, maintenance technicians and flight dispatchers. Annex 2 Rules of the Air A set of internally agreed rules of air makes air travel safe and efficient. This annex contains visual flight rules (VFR) and instrument flight rules (IFR) developed by ICAO. These rules can be applied without exception over the high seas and national territories to the extent that they do not conflict with the rules of the State being overflown. The aircraft pilot is responsible for compliance with these rules. Annex 3 Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation While flying pilots need to be regularly updated about the meteorological conditions. This annex outlines the meteorological services in order to contribute safety, efficiency and regularity of air navigation. This is achieved by providing necessary meteorological information to operators, flight crew members, air traffic services units, search and rescue units, airport management and others concerned with aviation. Close liaison is essential between those supplying meteorological information and those using it. Annex 4 Aeronautical Charts Maps or charts play an important role in the field of aviation. Charts are used as a navigational aid for the safe performance of air operations. The aeronautical charts provide a convenient medium for supplying this information in a manageable, condensed and coordinated manner. Annex 5 Units of Measurement to be Used in Air and Ground Operations This annex speaks about the units used in communication between the aircraft and the ground stations. It contains an ICAO table of units essentially based on the metric system. It also contains four additional interim tables of units for use by those States unable to use the primary table. Annex 6 Operation of Aircraft To ensure highest levels of safety and efficiency in international air transport all the operations should be standardised. The purpose of this annex is to provide criteria for safe operating practices in order to have safe international air navigation. It also encourages ICAOs contracting states to facilitate the passage over their territories of commercial aircraft belonging to other countries that operate in conformity with these criteria. Annex 7 Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks This annex deals with an aircrafts nationality and registration marks. It also classifies aircraft based on for how long they can maintain sustained flight in the air. Annex 8 Airworthiness of Aircraft An aircraft should be designed, constructed and operated keeping in mind the requirements of the State of Registry of the aircraft. Every aircraft fit to fly is issued with a Certificate of Airworthiness. This annex contains standards for the recognition by States of Certificates of Airworthiness for the purpose of flight of aircraft of other States into and over their territories thereby achieving, among other things, protection of other aircraft, third parties and property. Annex 9 Facilitation The Chicago Convention derives several provisions for the Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) on Facilitation (FAL). Annex 9 specifies methods and procedures for carrying out clearance operations in such a manner as to meet the twin objectives of effective compliance with the laws of States and productivity for the operators, airports and government inspection agencies involved. It provides reference for planners and managers of international airport operations, describing maximum limits on obligations of industry and minimum facilities to be provided by governments. Annex 10 Aeronautical Telecommunications This annex covers the aeronautical communications, navigation and surveillance elements of International Civil Aviation. Annex 11 Air Traffic Services This annex defines the air traffic services and specifies the worldwide standards and recommended practices applicable in the provision of these services. Annex 12 Search and Rescue This Annex provides a set of internationally agreed Standards and Recommended Practices to rapidly locate and rescue survivors of aircraft accidents. Annex 13 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation Detection of the cause of an aircraft accident or serious incident is a must in order to prevent repeated occurrences. A properly conducted investigation helps to identify the causal factor. This annex states that the main objective of the investigation of an accident or incident is prevention. It provides international requirements for the investigation of aircraft accidents and incidents, which are written in a simple format so that it can be understood by all participants in an investigation. Annex 14 Aerodromes This annex extends from planning of airports and helicopters to details of switch-over times for secondary power supply; from civil engineering to illumination engineering; from provision of sophisticated rescue and fire fighting equipment to simple requirements for keeping airports clear of birds. The impact of these numerous subjects on the annex is compounded by the rapidly changing industry which airports must support. This annex changes rapidly due to the introduction of new aircraft models, increased aircraft operations, operations in lower visibilities and technological advances in airport equipment. Annex 15 Aeronautical Information Services The Aeronautical Information Service (AIS) plays an important role in supporting the International Civil Aviation. The main objective of the AIS is to ensure the flow of information necessary for the safety, regularity and efficiency of international air navigation. This annex defines how an aeronautical information service shall receive and/or originate, collate or assemble, edit, format, publish/store and distribute specified aeronautical information/data. The goal is to satisfy the need for uniformity and consistency in the provision of aeronautical information/data that is required for the operational use by international civil aviation. Annex 16 Environmental Protection This annex deals with the protection of the environment from the effect of aircraft noise and aircraft engine emission. Annex 17 Security This annex speaks about the ICAO civil aviation security programme and seeks to safeguard civil aviation and its facilities against acts of unlawful interference. The annex is primarily concerned with the administrative and coordination aspects, as well as with technical measures for the protection of the security of international air transport. It also seeks to coordinate the activities of those involved in security programmes. Annex 18 The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air This annex specifies the standards and recommended practices to be followed for the transportation of dangerous goods. Dangerous cargo that may be explosive, corrosive, flammable, toxic and even radioactive is transported world wide for a variety of industrial, commercial, medical and research requirements and processes. ICAO recognises the importance of this type of cargo and has taken steps to ensure that such cargo is carried safely.

Medicine Men of Oglala Sioux Indians of Nebraska Essay

The  Oglala medicine men belong to the Sioux Indian Community in Manderson, Potato Creek, Kyle, Oglala, No. 4, Red Shirt Table, Wanblee. This Indian Tribe in Nebraska is watched over by a branch of the Office of Indian Affairs located within its territory. Civilizations have used different ways of curing their sick. The bible states that Jesus cured the sick by using miracles. The Chinese cure their sick using reflexology, acupuncture as well as the taking of the root of the plant ginseng. The American doctors use manufactured drugs like Tylenol or Aspirins to cure the pains of their patients. Admittedly, the different ways of curing the sick has been handed down from generation to generation. In fact, in some countries, the faith healers believe that they have the inner power to heal the sick if their patients will have faith in the doctors. Currently, many born again fellowships are centered on a pastor who cures the cancers (Aldredge-Clanton 11), diabetes, high blood and lets the invalid throw away his crutches because he can now walk. This type of healing is called miracle healing where the pastor impresses on the minds of their church members that Jesus and around and will remove their affliction. The following paragraphs explains the uniqueness of the Oglala Sioux Indians of Nebraska as they go about their daily festive activity of maintaining the community’s health by curing the ailments and the sufferings of their Indian neighbors. BODY His role in the community The role of the medical doctors or so called healers is to cure the sick and alleviate the pain of the dying Indian person. The healer brings hope the suffering and pain of their Indian neighbors. And the healers include in their medical armory the Sun Dance. The Sun Dance is the ritual part of the Indian doctors’ healing procedure. This dance is performed during the midsummer and indeed that most intricately complex part of the Indian healers curative process. Thus, their role in the community is to heal the patients using many processes. One such process is the ritual method. For, ritual and reciprocal communication between the patient and the medicine men and women is designed to start a biological and social rhythm motion through by influencing the neurophysiologial structures of the patients’ ailed body parts. Likewise, the Indian medicine man’s way of curing their patient is blanketed with myth which includes the use of the environment in the healing process (Lewis 169). To reiterate, the medicine men’s role is to keep as many of their Indian neighbors as healthy as possible. Evidently, a healthy people would spur the community’s economy to a more frantic pace. However, a population with many sick neighbors would eat away the community’s money because the government has lesser people to spice up the community’s economy. The medicine men and women here also help the community by influencing the policy makers in their community to craft laws, ordinances and statutes that focus on maintaining the health of the Oglala Indian community of Nebraska, USA (Lewis, 41). Thus, the role that these Oglala Indian medicine men play is very important. His status The status of the Oglala American Indian of Nebraska, USA’s medicine men and women here is such that they are being trusted and asked for advices in terms of health. In fact, many politicians in their community approve of the teachings and activities of the medicine. This is their way of enticing the medicine men and women to recommend to their patients, friends and every day contacts to vote for the politician and to support him or her plans and programs for the Oglala Indian community. Unquestionably, their major role is to keep the people healthy. (Lewis 71). For, these medicine men of Oglala, Nebraska exude an air of authority for what they tell their patients to do will often be done in most cases because the patients want to live longer. His knowledge The Oglala medicine men and medicine women are mostly comprised of senior citizens who started their medicine practice late or after the prime of their life. For, they had to gather enough experiences in life as well as theoretical knowledge that will give them necessary medical knowledge as they take up administrative positions in their Indian tribe. Many of the older women and men of the Oglala Sioux Indian settlement absorbed all they could to gain expertise in the field of medical practice that included the use of herbs as medicines. Specifically, many of the medical practitioners of this small United States tribe specialized in the study of the symptoms, causes and the herbal cures for various diseases. Also, some of the medicine men and women generally studied how to cure the physical and mind -related sickness (Lewis, 10). The Oglala medicine men are generally well versed in terms of which herbal plants will be very effective in alleviating many of the health risks of their constituents. Beliefs, and similar type of information that relates to the Medicine men. The people of the Oglala Indian settlement believe that some ritual songs can hasten the healing process. One such popular song is the Oglala’s Indian song. This magical song is believed to sprinkle the patients with the powder of cure. The Indian medicine men believe that this song is embodied with syncretistic and revivalist. For, this song brings out the embodiment of syncreustic and revivalistic elements of the Sioux faith and Pan –Indian movements. The Indian medicine men and women believe that the current ailments afflicting their constituents were caused by their intermingling with the White Americans. For, they believed that the normal Indian was healthy before these whites visited them and imprisoned them in Indian settlements. Thus, the present Indian sickness have been brought about by their change in lifestyles. For, The Indians freely roamed the prairie and other lands as they followed where the roaming animals would go during the pre –white days. This lifestyle had been cut because the whites placed them inside their Indian settlements for fear they Indians would endanger the lives of the Whites. The Indian healers believed that the Whites had forced them to live in log cabins. This is what caused their health to deteriorate to the level of the white’s health conditions. Also, the Indian lifestyles of free roaming of the desserts to search for their main dish of buffalo meat to their new log cabins resulted to a crowded home and school (Carter 103). Thus, their physical power to repel viruses and bacteria that is the root cause of many of the unhealthiness continues to this day. For, the Indians believed that living in their teepees ( Indian tent houses) brought them good health (Fletcher 81). Reference ceremonies or events the medicine men conducts or participates in. The medicine men and the medicine women of the Oglala Sioux Indian settlement studied how some of the herbs cropping up around their community could alleviate or even eradicate some or all their community members’ ailments. This also includes other mundane treatments of many of the diseases plaguing the Indian Territory. Also, the Oglala medicine men conducted their normal Sun Dance in their community to usher in health into their community. In addition, the medicine men and women of the Oglala United States Indian reservation included in some of their jobs to cure their fellow Indian tribesmen and tribeswomen several repertoire of what they identified as Sacred Indian songs. In fact, some of the tribe men and tribe women native doctors use a unique Indian method described as calling the healing process to start immediately. Normally, the healing process is a two way succeed. Meaning, the tribesmen and tribeswomen and their Indian patients must literally put their trust and fate in the medicine men and women to pluck them out of their pain or injustice. This trust is influenced by the strength and intensity of the medicine men, medicine women and their patients to have an unwavering conviction that their local community doctors here would cure them of their pain and suffering. Further, this only shows that the entire healing process of their local healers falls beyond man’s control and ambition. In short, the Indian healing process is classified by something clearly outside the normal realm of human control and ambitiousness. The medical training here is uniquely their own. Meaning, their medical procedures clearly run one hundred eighty degrees around the normal medical procedures that non –Indian medical practitioners use to cure or just alleviate their sick patients. Thus the long and energy sapping training that the Indians studying medicine in their local community willingly undergo in order to reach the prestigious status in their locality as a medicine man. In fact, only a few of the fresh graduates of formal schools are willing to continue their education in the new field of local Indian medicine. In contrast, many of the people studying medicine in this local United States Indian tribe in Lakotas (Faller 64) have also been introduced of the United States’ white men’s medical school among the Navajo Indians. However, this Navajo idea is not part of the wishes of the Oglala Indians because they do not aim to set up their own medicine schools. Here, the local Indians can sell their medical materials like the medicinal herbs as well as the ceremony programs. Usually, these Indian health programs allow the selling or giving of medicine materials and ceremonial disease -curing processes to be sold or given to another person needing them. The medical training of Indians aspiring to be medical practitioners includes starting out as assistant singer or drummer in a real live medical hearing process for several years. The Indian medical student must blend into the environment with their participation of much needed Sun Dance and other medicine rights so that the medicine trainees so they could increase their powers as well as reputation with their patients handled. For, the medicine men and women believe that they have reached that pinnacle in life where they could qualify as a representative of the spirit world. For the medicine men and women in this tribe normally also use the power of conjuring spirits to help them in their day to day medical practices (Lewis 39). A healing process includes consulting the parents and relatives of the sick patient in order to get a historical background the patient from the patients’ health issues as well as the sickness that the patients parents, grandparents and the like normally have. Also, the medicine men and women ask additional information from their patients’ advisers as well as intermediaries. Also, the Indian healers show the same techniques and processes as they go about curing sick patients with the same illnesses. A formal healing session always starts with the patient visiting the Indian healer several times in a casual way in order to entice the Indian healers to accept this person as a new patient. Accepting this patient is a new contract. The medicine men and women normally command the patients to first fast, to seek visions, to abstain on some things, to pray for divine healing from God, and to prepare food for inns. Accepting the new patient is then followed by the Indian healers’ full concentration of healing powers and time to a full implementation of the proper medical healing procedures to be imposed. In turn, the patient can now sit back, relax and wait for their medicine man or medicine woman to help him or her cure his or her medical condition. The medicine men and women recognize some of the medical practices of white doctors. One such belief shared by both types of doctors is that time is an ally in many medical cases. For, these Indian healers believe that time helps in their patients’ recovery process. Also, time heals some fears or phobias like what the white psychologists and psychiatrists adhere to. Naturally, the arrival of the medicine man or woman ushers in the patient a sign of relief because finally something and something will step into the painful world to extricate them from their miseries (Lewis 40). Normally, the Indian medicine man or woman’s healing repertoire includes a drama –like presentation. Meaning, the curing process includes a stage, actors as well as music. For, the patient is now transported into a world where the patient is not placed in darkness, immobility and a world of healing songs which sometimes includes dances. Consequently, the patient is healed because of the trance they enter into where the medical songs bring healing into their afflicted body part or parts (Lewis 42). This picturesque orchestra –like description of the medicine man’s or medicine woman’s work shows that he or she plays a pivotal part in the Oglala Nebraska, USA Indian community. On the other side of the United States, the Navajo Indians also use their kind of traditional healing. The medicine men here use the medical technique of gazing. The medicine men just gazes in their patients to feel the aura of the patient. For, the Navajo Indian medicine men will feel the vibrations that tell him what caused the patient to fall victim to a virus, bacteria, to succumb to high blood, diabetes, cancer, epilepsy and the like. The Navajo Indian doctor then moves some of the patients’ parts like the hands and feet to confirm his first impression of what the patients’ ailment is (Davies 83). The medicine doctors of Oglala Sioux Indians of Nebraska, USA’s main role is to maintain the health of their small Indian community. The medicine men use primitive ways of curing the sick. One such way is to use the Sun Dance. The Sun dance brings health to the community because this festive dance is believed to absorb the vital elements of the environment and funnel it to the people in the community. Also, the medicine man uses the communication process as part of his healing procedures. Here, he gathers much needed information from the patient, his family and his relatives in order to come up with the cause or causes of his unhealthiness.

Cons Of Abortion Essay

Abortions should be illegalized unless there are special circumstances and appropriate reasoning. One reason is because many people have taken advantage of legal abortions and use it as a form of birth control. Another reason being that killing an unborn is morally wrong and that it’s considered murder. Third, almost all women experience both physical and psychological disabilities whether they’re minor or very serious. An abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by loss or destruction of the fetus before birth. An abortion may be spontaneous or induced. The latter is an act with ethical and legal ramifications. Many women experience physical and psychological complications after they have had an abortion. This leads to complications in their behavior and therefore many consider the care of a psychiatric or physician. Statistics prove that the risks of Physical problems among women who have aborted at least once are high. Approximately 10% of women undergoing abortion will have to suffer immediate abortions and about 2% of them are life threatening. Death is a very serious issue for all women considering abortions. Legal abortion is reported as the fifth leading cause of maternal death . Statistics prove that women who have had an abortion are four times more likely to die in the following year than ones that have carried their pregnancies to term are. Abortion is also clearly linked to a dramatic increase in suicide risk. Between 7 to 30% of all women who have aborted have been reported to attempt suicide. In Canada a study of government funded medical programs showed that 41% of women had to receive psychological treatment after having an abortion. Putting death and suicide aside, there are many other problems that one may have to suffer from. Facing complications in labor and having handicapped newborns. Statistics show that women who have â€Å"aborted once are two to three times more likely to having a pre term delivery† Not only does induced abortions increase the risks of pre- term delivery but also increases the risks delayed delivery. Because abortion is associated with cervical and uterine damage, these are the leading causes of handicapped among newborns. The authors found that â€Å"if a partner is present and not supportive, the miscarriage rate is more than  double and the abortion rate is four times greater than if he is present and supportive. The partner is absent the abortion rate is six times greater.† In total out of 1428 women surveyed, after having aborted, women visited their family doctor 80% more for all reasons possible and 180% of them went for psychosocial reasons. â€Å"Abortion is stressful and emotionally difficult for most women† . As well as having physical problems, more women experience psychological damages. A survey stated that almost eight weeks after having an abortion, 31% of women had regretted the decision. 44% had complained of having nervous disorders, 36% had experienced a loss or disturbances of sleep. Many of these women carry repressed feelings which leads to drug and alcohol abuse. Elliot research institute’s researcher found that women who have aborted their pregnancies are 4 times more likely to get involved with drugs and alcohol. During an interview of 30 women who had aborted, 60% had increased their use or alcohol. Almost 45% of all abortions performed today are repeat abortions. If abortions were illegalized, a large proportion of repeat abortions can be eliminated. Not as many women would have to go through stress and other physical and psychological disorders. Outlawing abortions can reduce many of these common problems among women. The three main that women who have aborted give are, â€Å"having a baby can change my life†, â€Å"If I were to have this baby, it could ruin my career†, or â€Å"My partner and I are currently having problems in the relationship† . When asked public opinion, these reasons are quite selfish. It seems as if when there is no where else to turn, the option of abortion will stand out. Knowing that abortions are permitted and available some take it as the easy ticket out. During the 1970’s, Canada was reported to having one of the highest teenage fertility rates in the world. Among unmarried women, teens have held the highest rate of child bearing in Canada and the United States. As these pregnancy rates have increased, abortion rates had doubled. Between 1975 and  1980 abortion rates have doubled from 20 to 44 abortions per 1000 women who were between the ages of fifteen and nineteen. This shows that many teenagers have been using abortions as a method of contraception to lower their fertility rate. To those whom consider abortion a negative issue say that, â€Å"easy abortion leads to increased promiscuity†; â€Å"Available abortions lead to reduced contraceptive use† . If abortion remains legalized it silently and subconsciously encourage selfish and irresponsible behavior among young women who may consider it as a backup plan incase of pregnancy. Since the abortion law made by the Supreme Court in 1973, teenage abortions had risen very greatly in numbers. Abortion rates for adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 raised from 244,070 to 448,570. That’s an increase of 84%. For girls under the ages of 15, the rate increased to a total of 31% (11630 to 15240). In 1980’s, there was a decrease in abortion rates. This was due to the fact that the changes in law decreased the number of abortion providers all over Canada. Due to this abortions had decreased by 26% in 1984, 24% in 1989 and 21% in 1991. Looking a little deeper into this, one may come to the consideration that many if not all pregnancies that have been aborted have been due to carelessness in sexual behavior. With the exception of rape, incest or physical harm on the women, the procedure of all abortions should be banned. Many argue that abortion is immoral and it is in the same category as killing an innocent, newborn baby. All life is present from the moment of conception. Fetuses almost look like newborn infants and possess characteristics, such as a genetic code, that are found in all human beings. Anti abortionists say that â€Å"it is always prima facie seriously wrong to take a human life† or â€Å"is it always prima facie seriously wrong to end the life of a baby† . Some say it doesn’t make sense to give rights to a being that would never have psychological traits, but one may argue that new born babies don’t have these traits either, but if they were to be killed after birth, one would get charged. Therefore the argument that a fetus does not  carry psychological traits is a poor one. Other issues which makes killing a fetus wrong is the loss of the victim’s future. This can be supported by the consideration that killing is one of the worst crimes. People who know that they are going to die believe, of course, that dying is a very bad thing. These people know that their premature death is bad because they will miss out on what the future may have had to hold for them . For people who are severely ill and wish to die will not have suffered a loss if the were killed because they know they will have to face a future of pain. Abortion may also be compared to animal rights. Our society has always put humans before animals. Our rights are obviously more important than those of animals are. A couple months ago, two men were arrested because they had slit open the bodies of rats and photographed it saying it was art . Those who perform abortions are killing a living fetus, which will grow up to, possess characteristics much more complex than that of a rat. How can those who perform abortions get away with it and not those who kill rats? Medical science leads to a pro-life perspective rather than a pro-choice perspective. These arguments against abortions are compelling. One being that at conception the embryo is genetically distinct from the mother . It is said that a developing human being is genetically different from its mother because, for one, it is genetically different form the sperm and egg that created it. The DNA of an embryo can be distinguished form the DNA of the sperm and egg that created it. There are other medical arguments supporting the right to life for a fetus. Major one is the definition between life and death. In the past life was defined by the heartbeat. A stopped heartbeat would be a clear indication of death. By the eighteenth day in the womb, a fetus has a heart. If heartbeats were used to define life than all abortions would be outlawed. In the new age, brainwave activity is used to define death. Fetuses develop ECG patterns in their brains at about 40 to 43 after conception. A flat ECG pattern clearly determines death. Using brain wave activity, at least a majority of abortions could be outlawed. A third issue concerning abortions is if the fetus feels pain. Yes a fetus does feel pain. Try poking an infant with a pin, it will immediately pull away and begin to cry. If you tried to do the same with a fetus, it will open its mouth and pull away. This also causes an increase in the heart rate of the human fetus. Many other medical arguments can be used to try and  outlaw abortions. A fetus has unique set of fingerprints, it to is growing and developing, it has the same human like features as we do, and many others. Abortion is a very controversial subject and there are many debates between the pro-lifers and pro-choice’s. The views of the pro-lifers are that abortion should become banned all over hospitals and clinics. Pro- choicer may not agree with this because they argue that if abortions become banned then women will have to get illegal abortions. This is not true because statistics proved that when abortions were banned in Canada the rate had drop. Women who did not need abortions for a real reason did not get them. This brought down abortion rates considerably. If the number of abortions was decreased this will also decrease problems of physical and psychological stress. In conclusion, there are other ways of dealing with the situation of an unwanted pregnancy. The most one may do is give up the baby for adoption. Bibliography 1. Abortion: Choice and Conflict Editor Oliver Trager 2. The Ethics of Abortion Robert M. Baird and Stuart E. Rosenbaum 3. Internet site www.religioustlerance.org/abo_supr.htm 4. Abortion a Positive Decision By Patricia Lunneborg 5. The Big Evasion By Anne Collins 6. Perspectives on abortion By Paul Sachdev 7. Abortion Policies in US and Canada Studies in Public Opinion Edited by Ted G. Jelen

The Psychology Of Childhood Social And Emotional Development

Matilda Comenote Anita Newman English 24 Senior project November 30th, 2015 Title Psychology helps us understand the way humans think and how our brain functions, this may also include certain behaviors in any given situation. My research is based on the psychology of childhood social and emotional development, and adolescence. Like a lot of things in psychology and this world, this has led my research to prove their is a direct correlation between social and emotional development in children and the entirety of adolescence. Emotional development during childhood is a crucial step in the early stages of life. This process is needed for success in adulthood and throughout life. 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How Did The Industrial Revolution Influence Women Suffrage

The Industrial Revolution was a catalytic period that redefined the means of production. This revolution started in Britain in the 1760s and spread throughout Western Europe and North America until the 1840s. The new inventions made workers go from making a product by hand to watching a machine make it for them. At a glance, one might assume that the revolution only influenced the production line. However, with deeper analysis, one can say that the revolution influenced female suffrage. Firstly, there were major differences in gender roles before and after the revolution occurred. For instance, before the revolution, males were primarily the wage earners, whilst females worked more domestically: clothing trades, teaching, and nursing.†¦show more content†¦This small movement of writing and discussing issues demonstrates how there was a rise in female political movements in the late 19th century. Overall, the Industrial Revolution directly led to female suffrage movements du e to the revolution s effects on gender roles, new governmental systems, and a rise in female political movements. There are many criticisms against presuming that the Industrial Revolution influenced female suffrage. Firstly, the gender roles of Great Britain were similar to that of other countries and yet the other countries had a different time for female suffrage, so gender roles should not be an influencing factor. For example, France and Great Britain had similar gender roles in terms of production. By 1750, France’s economy was seventy-five percent based on agriculture, whilst England’s was sixty-five percent based on agriculture (Scott Tilly, 1987). The similar means of production can also explain why there was an alike effect on gender roles after the revolution. One of the alike effects was the rise of the family wage economy. Females were viewed as economically dependent on males due to their being a wage gap between the genders. As a result, marriage becam e an escape for females so that they could gain greater financial security. With both countries having similar gender role differences, it shows that gender roles did not affect the female suffrage movement due to the proof ofShow MoreRelatedUnited states History midturn review1630 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical bosses and the issue of womens suffrage? 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Social Inequality Patterns And Processes By Martin Marger

According Social Inequality: Patterns and Processes by Martin Marger, life chances includes â€Å"education, physical and mental health, residence and justice;† which are opportunities that we must procure through social resources (18). Our position within society determines our life chances; for children, their parent’s positions within society determines the child’s social status within society. â€Å"Life chances are acquired, then, as a result of factors that are only partially in the control of individuals†¦people’s initial class position and, therefore, the dimensions of their opportunities and future prospects are essentially an â€Å"accident of birth.† Certainly, people may subsequently enhance their life chances through individual effort, but†¦show more content†¦In addition, they endure more stressful family and work conditions which can lead to unhealthy lifestyle characteristics, such as excessive use of alcohol and mayâ € ¦(reword) poor nutrition† (19). 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Business Report Based on Monet for Financial- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Report Based on Monet for Financial Services. Answer: Introduction This business report is based on a group of 5 holiday resorts in Australia which have decided to merge and form one business operation for the purpose of delivering better services to their customers and increase on their profits. The new business name resulting from the amalgamation of the resorts is Monet due to the merging, the business has increased on the varieties of services provided, for example, they provide a wider range of living quarters providing Backpacker, bed and breakfast, homes to luxuries suites in and around the country (Nocke Yeaple, 2007, p.365). The business will provide different services on booking websites such as booking.com, travel.com.ac among others to enable customers book directly. The booking will be managed via a single website. To promote customer satisfaction, a mobile application will be developed to help the customers manage their own account. The business intends to vary prices on the changes in demand, seasonal factors and environment among ot hers (DeYoung, et al., 2009, p.100) Assumptions made Various assumptions were made in relation to the new business emerged. Among others include; It is also expected that the emerging of the businesses will increase in the business effectiveness and efficiency. It is clear that big firms enjoy economies of scale as a result of reduced costs of operation, for example managerial economies of scale, research economies of scale among others. It is assumed that there will be an effective technological development as a result of the single website which has been introduced (Shaver, 2006, p.970). Through merging, it is assumed that the level of risks and uncertainties faced by the business will considerably reduce. Among others, some of the uncertainties that the business expects to overcome include losses due to high competition from other big firms that, managerial risks will also be curbed through the use the website. There is also an assumption of ensuring the maintenance of the standards that were initially set up and to ensure effective usage of the project resources (Martynova Renneboog, 2008, p.2148) It is also assumed that there will be an improvement in in the monitoring and tracking of the activities to be carried on. In other words, there will be a vibrant quality assurance team. The monitoring in this case is the process of tracking expected risks that are likely to rise during the business execution. It is important to take note of uncertainties that may cause business failures, this helps in preparing and setting strategies that are necessary for curbing the risks and uncertainties. It involves overseeing all the tasks and operations of the business to ensure achievements of the goals and objectives of the business since a single website is used, monitoring is expected to advance (Hauswald Marquez, 2006, p.970) Decisions proposed The top management of Monet has finalized the following decisions to affect the business via the website; Monet loyalty scheme which will play the role of reward customers with airport transfers, free tours, and free meals. This will aiming at building and maintaining a strong customer relationship. The team will foresee the needs of the customers, marketing aspect and how effective the business can be when it comes to its customers and this technology will automatically lead to improvement of customers service and will attract more customers (Cao, Zhang, 2011, p.170). To determine the strategic value, the company opt to develop Interactive tools in order to allow customers to choose, which particular tour they would like to undertake and aims at improving the degree of customer satisfaction that leads to strengthening of ties. Consequently the relationship between the business and the customers will be improved (Evans, Lindsay, 2013). The interactive platform will help the customers make their specifications needs, referring to what type of product and service they would want to be offered, when and where, basing on the fact that the business expects an increase in the number of customers. It also aims at developing the capacity of the business to interact with its customers. The analysis of this data may result in the establishment of a one-to-one approach encompassing a customized offer of products and services, adapted to the specific needs and expectations of each customer (Jiang, Qureshi, 2006, p.50). They have decided to develop an integrated ERP in order to enable management of the operation through a single Information Technology system. This will enable overseeing and managing of all the tasks that are involved in an operation with an intention of maintaining a certain standard of serving or achieving a specific set goals and objectives (Farrell Shapiro, 2010) A new Web 4.0 level ultra-intelligent electronic portal is to be created in order to enable customers self-manage their accounts with the company and to customize their shopping/booking experience. This is very vital in terms of technological change that is geared towards efficiency of the business. It will keep the relationship of the customers and the business making their booking faster and effective (Devos, Kadapakkam Krishnamurthy, 2008, p.1180). Critique to the management decision The subsequent management decisions are likely to affect the network of relationships established, especially with strategic business partners and the customers by creating effective communication which is quick, faster and easy (Dehning, Richardson, Zmud, 2007, p810). However the technology is not 100% secure. Technically, the business website can be constrained by the unfriendly or poor user interface that may limit the client-staff interaction. If effective and latest technology is not applied, information regarding the presence of the business may be limited for example, If Adds and pop ups in websites are not enabled and this will also reduce the business information about its presence (Angwin, Vaara, 2005). The decisions will improve on the role played by marketing department especially in line with customer relationship. They will integrate marketing, sales and services functions through the interaction of the business process, technological solutions and information resources, in order to maximize user friendliness with the customers. There will be facilitation of the relationships between companies, customers, service suppliers and workers (Shim Okamuro, 2011, p.193). As a way of improving the business efficiency and effectiveness, it is vital for the emerging to take place. There are expected decrease in the operational cost as the costs of rent is expected to reduce, the transportation costs will as well reduce if the businesses are emerged together. This is because the workers will no longer incur extra expenses in paying for the other services, Moreover; the company is even still cable of retaining and improving its sales basing on the fact that it will employ online technology of a single website. This type of operations favors big firms, implying that its a good strategy in expanding the business operations. Through the amalgamation, The management decision will help the business to reduce the human resource costs. These are the costs that result from recruitments, training and redundancy. It will all be looked upon and possible solutions of reducing such costs will be implemented. This will reduce on the business expenditure and the extra liquid capital will be ploughed back into the business. The company will attain an advantage of improving the Information Technology department which is expected to reduce the number of workers needed in operation accompanied by improved efficiency. However, this factor will also lead to unemployment of some workers. The decisions will help the business to highlight a need in the improvement of financial and human resources to help in the implementation of the technological innovation and improving the motivation of the workers respectively Through the above decisions, the business is expected to get more clients and also maintain its earlier customers and this will ensure continuity of the business and the costs will reduce if tasks are assigned to the respective personnel. However, the business may lose some customers who are not used to online bookings and those who cannot access the website due to the ignorance about the change in the website name. To a certain extent, the merging of the resorts may negative affect the business operations, for example, the bureaucratic process involved in decision making may hinder effective adjustments to new changes, its also most likely that the expansion of the business as a result of merging may attract government intervention in form of high taxes which will in turn increase the costs and expenses. The difference between information system and information technology The two terms are sometimes considered the same, used interchangeably, however, information technology is a subset of information system. Information system is a general term for the systems, people and all processes designed to create, store, process and distribute information. Whereas information technology falls under information system and particularly deals with the technology involved in the system. It is a study, design, support or management of computer based information system. It includes Hardware such as hard disks, monitors, keyboards and all the other tangible components of the computer, software such as Microsoft windows, among other intangible components. It also includes database and networks (Paulin, Ferguson Bergeron, 2006, p.915). Information technology and information system are playing both negative and positive role, for example creating a variety of job opportunities and long term professional advancement. On the other hand, information technology is increasingly creating unemployment, internet scams, and hacking among other. Impact of information technology and information system Over the past few years there has been a strong technological evolution in the field of information and communication with a significant impact on management. Companies are investing huge amounts in relationship technologies, leading to new forms of interaction. Therefore information technology has got a great impact on customers choice, continued patronage, brand loyalty business employees among others. Basing on the fact the company will be developing a mobile application, information technology is expected to act as a primary tool for getting in touch with customers (Shapiro, 2010, p.50). Clients will be making orders concerning bookings, expected services, making inquiries and making reviews of the services rendered. This therefore is expected to improve on customer satisfaction hence improving on customer loyalty. A well designed websites with external ads and popups are likely to attract more customers. If the company uses affiliate marketing, more customers will be informed and following the websites link. In this way, a bigger and wider range of customers will be attracted to into the website leading to increased sales (Shapiro, 2010, p.850). Business strategy to attract customers from the competitors In order to manipulate the market in and to maintain its reputation in the industry Monet management has put out the following measures to attract more customers Strong Information Technology department to ensure a more user friendly interface of the company website and hence more customers will be expected. Customer support can also be improved as a result of this department. The information technology of the business is also worked on to improve on its efficiency (Zhang, 2010). This is because the effectiveness of the business basically relies on the department. Basing on the fact that the company operates mainly online, it is very vital to ensure effective Information Technology department and Monet management is to ensure this (Altunba?, Marqus, 2008, p.210). Improving on the quality of services delivered to the clients by enhancing customer support. This is intended to improve on customers satisfaction as well as the workers, more especially the consultants of the business. As part of the business decision, it will ensure timely execution of the activities as it is to be scheduled. Adjustment will be made accordingly to the proposed schedules to ensure effective achievement of all the operations and each of the activity will be communicated and published via the website. Innovation is yet another strategy that will help the company to favorably compete in the industry. It has maintained a remarkable position in leading innovation and invention of new technologies for example that technic of working on a single website which is a new technology in place Other business opportunities Through the merging of the 5 resorts, the business has a high completive advantage over the other existing firms in the industry. This implies that the firm/ business has an advantage of creating a monopolistic environment by creating entry restriction. This can be through offering high quality services at a subsidized price, adapting extensive advertising, and pricing technique. The business also has a higher potential in maximizing revenue, given the fact that operational costs will be reduced as a result of merging. The company has an upper hand in carrying out research to improve on the quality of services offered. It is typically true that big firms enjoy research economies of scale. It is therefore typically relevant for the firms to maintain and carry on the decision of merging into one company as a positive result is expect (Chemmanur, Krishnan Nandy, 2011, p.4050) References DeYoung, R., Evanoff, D. D., Molyneux, P. (2009). Mergers and acquisitions of financial institutions: a review of the post-2000 literature.Journal of Financial services research,36(2-3), 87-110. Nocke, V., Yeaple, S. (2007). Cross-border mergers and acquisitions vs. greenfield foreign direct investment: The role of firm heterogeneity.Journal of International Economics,72(2), 336-365. Shaver, J. M. (2006). A paradox of synergy: Contagion and capacity effects in mergers and acquisitions.Academy of Management Review,31(4), 962-976. Martynova, M., Renneboog, L. (2008). A century of corporate takeovers: What have we learned and where do we stand?.Journal of Banking Finance,32(10), 2148-2177. Hauswald, R., Marquez, R. (2006). Competition and strategic information acquisition in credit markets.The Review of Financial Studies,19(3), 967-1000. Cao, M., Zhang, Q. (2011). Supply chain collaboration: Impact on collaborative advantage and firm performance.Journal of operations management,29(3), 163-180. Evans, J. R., Lindsay, W. M. (2013).Managing for quality and performance excellence. Cengage Learning. Jiang, B., Qureshi, A. (2006). Research on outsourcing results: current literature and future opportunities.Management decision,44(1), 44-55. Farrell, J., Shapiro, C. (2010). Antitrust evaluation of horizontal mergers: An economic alternative to market definition.The BE Journal of Theoretical Economics,10(1) . Devos, E., Kadapakkam, P. R., Krishnamurthy, S. (2008). How do mergers create value? A comparison of taxes, market power, and efficiency improvements as explanations for synergies.The Review of Financial Studies,22(3), 1179-1211. Dehning, B., Richardson, V. J., Zmud, R. W. (2007). The financial performance effects of IT-based supply chain management systems in manufacturing firms.Journal of Operations Management,25(4), 806-824. Chemmanur, T. J., Krishnan, K., Nandy, D. K. (2011). How does venture capital financing improve efficiency in private firms? A look beneath the surface.The Review of Financial Studies,24(12), 4037-4090. Altunba?, Y., Marqus, D. (2008). Mergers and acquisitions and bank performance in Europe: The role of strategic similarities.Journal of Economics and Business,60(3), 204-222. Shapiro, C. (2010). The 2010 horizontal merger guidelines: From hedgehog to fox in forty years.Antitrust Law Journal,77(1), 49-107. Peters, C. (2006). Evaluating the performance of merger simulation: Evidence from the US airline industry.The Journal of law and economics,49(2), 627-649. Zhang, J. (2010).Amalgamation, Expansion, Quality Assurance and Innovations: A Case Study on a Key University in China. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway, PO Box 1346, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. Paulin, M., Ferguson, R. J., Bergeron, J. (2006). Service climate and organizational commitment: The importance of customer linkages.Journal of Business Research,59(8), 906-915. Shim, J., Okamuro, H. (2011). Does ownership matter in mergers? A comparative study of the causes and consequences of mergers by family and non-family firms.Journal of Banking Finance,35(1), 193-203. Angwin, D., Vaara, E. (2005). Introduction to the special issue.'Connectivity'in merging organizations: Beyond traditional cultural perspectives.Organization Studies,26(10), 1445-1453.